OrbitalHub

Wikipedia dicit:

A launch escape system (LES) or launch abort system (LAS) is a crew-safety system connected to a space capsule that can be used to quickly separate the capsule from its launch vehicle in case of an emergency requiring the abort of the launch, such as an impending explosion. The LES is typically controlled by a combination of automatic rocket failure detection, and a manual activation for the crew commander’s use. The LES may be used while the launch vehicle is still on the launch pad, or during its ascent. Such systems are usually of two types: solid-fuelled rocket or ejection seats.

A solid-fuelled rocket, mounted above the capsule on a tower, which delivers a relatively large thrust for a brief period of time to send the capsule a safe distance away from the launch vehicle, at which point the capsule’s parachute recovery system can be used for a safe landing on ground or water. The tower and rocket are jettisoned from the space vehicle in a normal flight at the point where it is either no longer needed, or cannot be effectively used to abort the flight. These have been used on the Mercury, Apollo, Soyuz, and Shenzhou capsules.

The crew are seated in seats that eject themselves (ejection seats) as used in military aircraft; each crew member returns to Earth with an individual parachute. Such systems are effective only in a limited range of altitudes and speeds. These have been used on the Vostok and Gemini capsules.

Credit: NASA’s Ames Research Center

NASA dicit:

Launch of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket took place from Kennedy’s Launch Pad 39A at 2:20 p.m. EST on Saturday, November 26, 2022.

Credit: NASA/SpaceX

NASA dicit:

The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon Endurance lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at noon EDT on Oct. 5, 2022. Onboard the Dragon spacecraft are NASA astronauts Nicole Aunapu Mann and Josh Cassada, JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Koichi Wakata, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Anna Kikina for the mission to the International Space Station.

Credit: NASA

NASA Langley Research Center dicit:

NASA’s Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator, or LOFTID, is demonstrating a cross-cutting aeroshell — a type of heat shield — for atmospheric re-entry. For destinations with an atmosphere, one of the challenges NASA faces is how to deliver heavy payloads (experiments, equipment, and people) because current rigid aeroshells are constrained by a rocket’s shroud size. One answer is an inflatable aeroshell that can be deployed to a scale much larger than the shroud. This technology enables a variety of proposed NASA missions to destinations such as Mars, Venus, Titan as well as return to Earth.

When a spacecraft enters an atmosphere, aerodynamic forces act upon it. Specifically, aerodynamic drag helps to slow it down, converting its kinetic energy into heat. Utilizing atmospheric drag is the most mass-efficient method to slow down a spacecraft.

The atmosphere of Mars is much less dense than that of Earth and provides an extreme challenge for aerodynamic deceleration. The atmosphere is thick enough to provide some drag, but too thin to decelerate the spacecraft as quickly as it would in Earth’s atmosphere. LOFTID’s large deployable aeroshell — an inflatable structure protected by a flexible heat shield — acts as a giant brake as it traverses the Martian atmosphere. The large aeroshell creates more drag than a traditional, smaller rigid aeroshell. It begins slowing down in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, allowing the spacecraft to decelerate sooner, at higher altitude, while experiencing less intense heating.

Credit: NASA Langley Research Center

Wikipedia dicit:

SpaceX CRS-25, also known as SpX-25, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS) that was launched on 15 July 2022. The mission is contracted by NASA and is flown by SpaceX using a Cargo Dragon. This is the fifth flight for SpaceX under NASA’s CRS Phase 2 contract awarded in January 2016.

The launch of CRS-25 was previously delayed to 11 July to investigate a possible leak in the Dragon’s Draco thruster propulsion system detected during pre-launch testing. The previously scheduled launch date was June 10.

SpaceX plans to reuse the Cargo Dragons up to five times. The Cargo Dragon will launch without SuperDraco abort engines, without seats, cockpit controls and the life support system required to sustain astronauts in space. This newer design comes with some benefits, like a faster process to recover, and refurbish and re-fly versus the earlier Dragon CRS design used for ISS cargo missions.

Credit: SpaceX/NASA’s Kennedy Space Center

NASA dicit:

Boeing’s uncrewed CST-100 Starliner lifted off atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket on May 19, 2022, for its Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) to the International Space Station as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program. Liftoff occurred at 6:54 p.m. EDT from Space Launch Complex-41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

Video credit: NASA’s Kennedy Space Center